South sudan s referendum on selfdetermination and subsequent independence in 2011. This fact hints about the conflict in sudan is only to give us answers to our questions of the purpose of the conflict in sudan. There have been many different approaches to analyzing and understanding the conflict in darfur. Resource conflict as a factor in the darfur crisis in sudan by. Old wars and new wars expanded 3rd edition export a ris file for endnote, procite, reference manager, zotero, mendeley export a text file for bibtex note. Abstract the paper will deal with the broader understanding of the current crisis in darfur, sudan. Yes, in south sudan, the social distance, namely the misery, the anger, the tribal politics, the hatred, the sense of in justice and. South sudan civil conflict erupted, when elite leadership president mr. The current crisis in south sudan amounts to a failure of the international community to ensure that this new state develops into a democratic and. It is affecting uganda, kenya, ethiopia, and sudan and it is keeping regional rivalries alive that have other destabilizing consequences. Conflict profile, causes, actors and dynamics tethloach ruey doctoral thesis dissertation politics international politics topic.
In the midst of poverty, african ruling classes, or the elite group who happen to hold power at a particular time, have enriched themselves and become the targets of envy or of rivalry. The root causes of conflicts in sudan and the making of the darfur tradegy presentation to wilton park conference on. Jan 28, 2016 thousands of people have been killed and millions displaced in south sudan since a civil war erupted in the country in 20. Conflicts and causes of conflicts in africa project. Old conflict, new complex emergency vindicates the general notion held about africa as a home of violence, diseases and famine as recently echoed by a recent statement made by the british prime minister, mr tony blair, describing the continent as a scar in the conscience of the world. Conflict profile since its independence in 1956, sudan has seen an intermittent civil war. Deng kuol, associate professor at the university of juba, south sudan. Sudanese conflict in south kordofan and blue nile wikipedia.
The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the sudanese governments disregard for. Solutions for moving beyond an ethnic conflict kuntzelman 83 cause of southern sudan s current underdevelopment is rooted in this colonial history, as colonial preference was given to the arab regions of the north, where power and decisionmaking became centralized in. After almost 40 years of war between the sudan government and southern insurgents, southern sudanese voted in a january 2011 referendum to secede from sudan. As a political entity, then, sudan likemany african countriesisa fairly recent creation. The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the sudanese governments disregard for the western region and its nonarab population. Understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan council. The creation of new nationstates at the time of independence was accompanied urgent calls for nationbuilding by the new african leaders who were well aware of the difficulty in transcending african ethnic and regional loyalties. Another impact on africa is that the conflict is just consuming a huge amount of diplomatic, political. However, africa has also witnessed a third type of conflict, namely. Republic south sudan after its independence, this young nation became trapped in civil conflict which causes transformed in to dreadful violent.
A special focus should be on the major adaptational groups in darfur and we should seek to develop a. Since its independence in 1956, sudan has seen an intermittent civil war. The real reasons behind south sudan crisis al jazeera. Understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan. Lack of capacity of the local governments also contributed the cross border conflicts as well.
Chapter 2 the history and origins of the current conflict. Institute of peace, june 2011, filesresourcessr278. Tribal conflicts cause political, social and economic loss. It can also be said to be an incompatibility, as of two things that cannot be simultaneously fulfilled.
She later gained her independence in 1956 after a long rule by angloegyptian regimes. Pdf forces have been active against suspected dissidents in. Testing the black book the extent of inequality in society is determined by the distribution of assets, the rates of returns on different assets, and. Conflict mapping, ontological security and institutionalised conflict o n 15 and 16 december 20, violence broke out in juba, south sudan, with many thousands killed. There are many causes for the conflict in south sudan, ranging from ethnic tensions, management of oil resources and the power struggle between president salva kiir and opposition leader dr. Another set of conflicts, which has quickly led to violence, involves attempts to control. Summary south sudan, which separated from sudan in 2011 after almost 40 years of civil war, was drawn into a devastating new conflict in late 20, when a political dispute that overlapped with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines turned violent. A policy workshop in cooperation with the united nations development programme, undp, and the japan international cooperation agency. Conflict prevention and development cooperation in africa. Conflict arises for different reasons and there are different types of conflict in human society. Pdf the dynamics of 20conflict in south sudan researchgate. One of the leading causes of conflict in kenya is when individuals clash over limited resources such as land and water. The crisis in south sudan congressional research service 2 improve. The causes and dynamics of conflict in subsaharan africa subsaharan africa is a vast land rich in natural resources with great potential for investment and opportunity.
Less than a year after the old greater sudan split into the northern republic of sudan and the new republic of south sudanor north and south sudan, for claritythe two countries were again in a state of war. Interestingly, both authors argue that the conflict in sudan is primarily caused by political and economic marginalization and that issues of identity and religion are only a secondary or proxy cause that has been exploited and manipulated in the wake of conflict. Not only have policy errors in western capitals contributed to the countrys predicament and the suffering of its people, but better. This was compounded by a devastating famine in 1988. The root causes of religious conflict in sudan between the muslim north and christian south stem from primarily political sources, including historical favoritism to northern sudanese areas, unequal political representation, and governmental oppression and marginalization of certain religious groups. A major cause of african conflicts has been ethnicity, and it has continued to be so. The conflict between the northern and southern sudan has usually been misunderstood, because the historical roots of the conflict have been misrepresented. Conflict analysis and options for systemic conflict.
Because they influence attitudes and behavior in informal social spaces like the home, they are incredibly. The roadmap to end the crisis including elections late 2015 presents only a shortterm answer and risks exacerbating existing tensions. The black book of sudan claims to identify a pattern of political control by people of its. The transitional authorities and their international partners must address crucial issues by implementing a comprehensive disarmament. The crisis, which started as political but later strayed into an ethnic. Since we have looked at some of the causes of conflict in africa, let us come back home and look at some of the sources of conflict in our country. The roots cause of cross border conflict in gambella. The reasons of the conflict in sudan panorama takingitglobal. This is vital in order to understand the origins of key features of the current crisis. The cause and consequence of conflict in south sudan. Leif manger department of social anthropology university of bergen. More than 2 million people have died in southern sudan over the past two. This introductory essay to the online selection of african affairs articles documents and analyses this phenomenon.
The impression is sometimes given that the darfur conflict is a result of a civil war which started in the south and eventually radiated to darfur, including notably the southern blue nile, eastern sudan, nuba mountains and abyie regions some of the most underdeveloped and marginalized regions of the sudan. Thousands of people have been killed and millions displaced in south sudan since a civil war erupted in the country in 20. The crisis in darfur and status of the northsouth peace agreement congressional research service summary sudan, geographically the largest country in africa, has been ravaged by civil war intermittently for four decades. Conflict can be defined as a clash or disagreement often violent between opposing groups or individuals. South sudans civil war is the result of a weakly institutionalized state and may require the african unions intervention to find peace and. After independence, that conflict was heightened since about 75 percent of sudans oil is produced below the border that now separates the two countries, leaving the north with greatly reduced revenues. While much of east africa suffers from drought, it is conflict, rather than lack of rain, that has been the cause of famine in south sudan.
The conflict has been marked by the failure of the government of the republic of south sudan. The protracted conflict in sudan reflects the long standing economic disparities, political exclusion and social and cultural deprivation in the distribution of political and economic power between the centre and the peripheries. This chapter delves into the critical question of types and causes of conflict, with the view to addressing the common patterns of most conflicts in human society. South sudan as regional pawn competition between sudan and uganda over the disposition of south sudan long predated the countrys independence in 2011, manifesting primarily in their support for armed proxies. Causes of conflicts in africa conflicts in africa may be said to have been caused by a multiplicity of factors such as. Since its independence in 2011, south sudan is battling a new civil war. The finer details of how it started are unclear and accounts of the violence are often conflicting. Pdf the paper analyses the dynamics of the 20 conflict in south sudan, reflecting on the root causes of the conflict within the ranks of splma the. In fact, one of the causes of the resumption of the conflict after the hiatus pro. Like many territorial demarcations in the continent, sudan s present borderlines were defined by the colonial powers at the turn ofthe century. The followers of the functional approach think that a conflict serves a social function and those who view a conflict as situational, suggest that conflict is an expression under certain situations. Part of the problem lies in the fact that some of the conflicts, at least as argued by some of the parties involved, is a reaction to the general peace agreement between the north and south of sudan. As its implementation faltered, violence between factions broke out again in july 2016, setting back the peace process once again.
The president informed congress that he may take further action to support the security of u. Two opposite explanations are frequently given for the continuing rift. The devastating consequences of the south sudan conflict have prompted several scholars to come up with narratives as to the circumstances that have led to the conflict ballentine and nitzschke 2005, doyle and sambanis 2000, obrien 2009. A separate conflict that remained unresolved centred on the darfur region in western sudan. A human rights report united nations mission in south sudan. International conflict or interstate conflicts on the other hand take place between tow or more nations and involve forces of more than one state puchala, 1971. Years of international efforts to bring an end to decades of conflict by helping to negotiate the. Learn about the civil war in south sudan, sanctions imposed by the united states and europe, and other recent developments on cfrs global conflict tracker. With the south sudanese conflict in its fifth year in 2018, this paper seeks to not only examine the status of the civil war that has engulfed the youngest nation on earth but to also discuss the evolving narratives of its causes and provide policy. Elbattahani argues that the causes of conflict in sudan have economic, environmental and ethnic dimensions that interweave with each other, but all are underpinned by fundamental political problems. Sudans complex armed conflict has been characterised as a civil war of interlocking civil wars.
Conflict between 19551976 and 19832005 between the colonially modernised arab north and the underdeveloped christian and animist south brought widespread civilian suffering. Sudan 19951990, chad 196585, angola since 1974, liberia 1980 2003, nigeria 196770, somalia 199993 and burundi, rwanda and. The research of ahmad adamu isa 14, titled conflict in organizations. It is apt to observe that africa has experienced both types of conflict over the years. United nations mission in the republic of south sudan unmiss since the outbreak of the conflict on 15 december. However, the two modern trends of democracy and economic prosperity elude this region due in large part to persistent conflict and complex sociopolitical dynamics. Peace and conflict studies, security publish your bachelors or masters thesis, dissertation, term paper or essay. The foregoing does not suggest that there are no specific causes of conflict. Conflict in south sudan and the challenges ahead congressional research service 1 background south sudan emerged in 2011 as the worlds newest country, and one of its least developed. Sudan has not evolved an effective political answer to the problem of diversity and pluralism. The crisis, which started as political but later strayed into an ethnic struggle, has seen both sides accused of war crimes, including those against civilians. With the south sudanese conflict in its fifth year in 2018, this paper seeks to not only. Some have attributed the conflict in darfur to what they called the inherent warring.
Sudan snorthsouthconflictowes its genesis tothecolonialpast. South sudan, as a result of tribal and political conflict, is a country in name only. Media coverage of the civil war with the south was long dominated by views of sudans conflicts as racial arab against african and religious the muslim north. Main causes of conflict in south sudan are oil and weak institutions, says dr.
After more than two years of tracking daily news reports on darfur, i have reached the conclusion that the following excerpts from a report published at the website of the sudanese embassy in washington, dc puts into words i am no writer what i believe are the root causes of the darfur conflict, what can be done and how sensationalist. Working paper number 121 causes of conflict in sudan. South sudan conflict analysis brief south sudan, the worlds youngest nation, continues to struggle despite the august 2015 signature of a peace agreement. Global south development magazines global development reporter mr. The sudanese conflict in south kordofan and blue nile, also referred to by some media as the third sudanese civil war, is an ongoing armed conflict in the sudanese southern states of south kordofan and blue nile between the sudanese army saf and sudan peoples liberation movementnorth splmn, a northern affiliate of the sudan peoples. Solutions for moving beyond an ethnic conflict kuntzelman 83 cause of southern sudans current underdevelopment is rooted in this colonial history, as colonial preference was given to the arab regions of the north, where power and decisionmaking became centralized in the northern capital of khartoum. Jul 14, 2006 in this issue of sudan newsletter, the reader will find how clever manipulators have distorted the realities of darfur to serve their political agenda, and in so doing deliberately tarnishing the image of sudan in order to detract from and destabilize the historic peace agreement ending decades of civil war in southern sudan and to call for a. While much of east africa suffers from severe food shortages due to a historic drought, in south sudan, it is conflict, rather than lack of rain, that has been the cause of a. Whether these conflicts are a product of governance failure, environmental decline shrinking natural resource base, unequal distribution of power and resources, land is and will remain one central issue. The report builds upon the unmiss interim report on human rights, released on 21 february.
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